Heads of Department announced at NPSS 1/1 Share SH HATTINGH 2 March 2021 Four staff members of NPSS have been announced as Heads of Department. Four staff members of NPSS have been announced as Heads of Department, (f.l.t.r) Ms Yolandi Bezuidenhout (Afrikaans and GET phase), Ms Anje Breedt (Computer Applications Technology), Mr Sudeep Surendran (Mathematics and Science) and Ms Polile Malaza (HOD of English and FET phase). “Congratulations, and good luck with the new journey.” < Previous Article Next Article >

Kingpin slapped with 20-year sentence Kingpin slapped with 20-year sentence 1/1 Share SH HATTINGH 2 February 2021 Enzani Wiseman Shongwe (31) sentenced to 20 years direct imprisonment for manufacturing and dealing in drugs. The Secunda Regional Court, on Thursday 28 January 2021, sentenced Enzani Wiseman Shongwe (31) to 20 years direct imprisonment for manufacturing and dealing in drugs. During August 2016, nine drug syndicate members were arrested by the Hawks’ Serious Organised Crime Investigation unit in Secunda during the termination of a project driven investigation. The “Project 24” Operation was targeting the manufacturing and dealing in drugs around Secunda. The eight other suspects admitted guilt on the open trial and were sentenced in 2018 to a total of 144 years combined imprisonment. However, Shongwe opted to go for trial and appeared several times in the same court whilst he remained in custody since his arrest in 2016. Shongwe was found guilty on all charges and sentenced to 15 years direct imprisonment on each of the three counts of dealing in drugs. The first two of the three sentences are said to run concurrently and the judge ordered that the accused serve an effective minimum of 20 years direct imprisonment. The Provincial Head of the Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation Major General Zodwa Mokoena welcomed the sentence and applauded the team for the great work . “We hope that this will serve as deterrent to those who are still committing such type of crimes” said Major General Mokoena. < Previous Article Next Article >

Educators arrested for alleged corporal punishment Educators arrested for alleged corporal punishment 1/2 Share GK CRONJE 8 September 2020 Masizakhe Secondary School students protested against corporal punishment recently, in light of numerous learners that have allegedly received corporal punishment. It is alleged that the students were reprimanded for refusing to attend extra classes spanning over the course of weekends. The educators have been charged with misconduct, and will have to explain their actions before a departmental disciplinary hearing. The Mpumalanga Department of Education has placed the principal and educator of Masizakhe Secondary School in Breyten on precautionary suspension, following allegations that they administered corporal punishment to learners. They are amongst the three who were arrested after the allegations were brought to the attention of the SAPS, and subsequently the department. The third educator is appointed by the School Governing Body (SGB), as such the department will convene a meeting with the to advise them about the course of action to be undertaken. Masizakhe Secondary School students protested against corporal punishment recently, in light of numerous learners that have allegedly received corporal punishment. It is alleged that the students were reprimanded for refusing to attend extra classes spanning over the course of weekends. The educators have been charged with misconduct, and will have to explain their actions before a departmental disciplinary hearing. They have also been placed under arrest on charges of assault with the intention to cause grievous bodily harm, and have appeared before the Ermelo Magistrate’s Court. The department continues to render counseling to the affected learners. < Previous Article Next Article >

Looming strike from trucking industry 1/1 Share GK CRONJE 26 January 2021 SANCATDRA and the All Truck Drivers Forum and Allied South Africa’s (ATDF-ASA’s) national shutdown, which Mofokeng assured would be legal, is scheduled to start on Monday, 25 January 2021. A national shutdown of the trucking industry is imminent as the South African National Cargo Transport Drivers Association (SANCATDRA) continues to push for clarity on the employment of foreign drivers. The association marched to the National Bargaining Council for the Road Freight and Logistics Industry (NBCRFLI) on 15 December 2020 to hand over a memorandum demanding that the bargaining council should be neutral and impartial, clause 35 should be scrapped from the main collective agreement, labour brokers should be abolished in the road freight industry and court-designated agents must be investigated and apprehended. They also stated in the memorandum that the employment of foreigners is transferring poverty in the industry The association’s president Daniel Mofokeng stated that the union expected a response from the council within 21 days. However, to date there has been no response. “We are currently following the legal route in pursuing the council to respond to us. After we have obtained permits and authorisation from law enforcement agencies, then we will give out an announcement on when the shutdown will be,” Mofokeng explained. According to NBCRFLI, the bargaining council’s first board meeting for 2021 is scheduled to take place in February. “There is still an issue of employment of foreigners. We are very much dissatisfied with what is happening in the country, with the burning of trucks and driver attacks. There is a lot of corruption, with no companies actually complying with the council. Drivers are frustrated, waiting, not being paid accordingly… There is total noncompliance in the industry but people are meant to monitor compliance. There are laws to follow.” stated Mofokeng. “With unemployment such as South Africa’s, we still believe someone is not doing their job properly; someone is benefiting. Ministers want to come up with quotas. If they allow say 20% of foreigners, it means another 20% of South Africans are not working. We’ve got all the resources, we need to deal with these issues, but we are turning a blind eye to the issue of foreigners,” he closed off. SANCATDRA and the All Truck Drivers Forum and Allied South Africa’s (ATDF-ASA’s) national shutdown, which Mofokeng assured would be legal, is scheduled to start on Monday, 25 January 2021. < Previous Article Next Article >

Hawks issue stern warning to scrap metal recyclers Hawks issue stern warning to scrap metal recyclers 1/1 Share GK CRONJE 7 September 2021 While the prospect of a quick profit may be alluring, the risk is not worth the reward, as you will be investigated, arrested and charged accordingly. The Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation(Hawks) in Mpumalanga have arrested 16 people for damaging and stealing Transnet infrastructure, including railway tracks and transformers. “Suspects aged between 35 and 45 were arrested by members of the Hawks' serious organized crime investigation in Middelburg, together with Transnet investigators during an intelligence-driven operation,” said Hawks spokesperson in Mpumalanga, Captain Dineo Lucy Sekgotodi. “The team followed up the information and found four trucks inside Mashcor Scrap metal dealer, still loaded with railway tracks,” said Sekgotodi. “During further investigation, the fifth truck loaded with transformers and palisade fencing, which was positively identified by Transnet officials, arrived. The railway tracks were stolen from the decommissioned line, while the transformers and palisade were stolen from the working substation. Sekgotodi stated that of the 16 people arrested, 14 of them are foreign nationals. They were duly charged for possession of suspected stolen property, theft and damaging of essential infrastructure. The owner of the scrap metal institution was traced, and also arrested. The Hawks have issued a stern warning to scrap metal recyclers in Mpumalanga, especially the Middelburg, Witbank, Secunda, Ermelo and Standerton areas, to be vigilant when accepting scrap metal, and not to become involved in dodgy dealings and illicit operations. There is a high rate of theft and vandalism of Transnet, Eskom and mining operation infrastructure, and recyclable metals are often the target of these criminals. While the prospect of a quick profit may be alluring, the risk is not worth the reward, as you will be investigated, arrested and charged accordingly. < Previous Article Next Article >

Pampoenkraal Plaas kringtelevisiekameras vertel ware verhaal 1/3 Share SM HATTINGH 27 April 2021 Advokaat Celliers het aan die hof verklaar dat die boere nie gewapen was soos vroeër beweer nie, en hul het ook nie koeëlvaste baadjies aangehad nie. Die bewerings was dus onfeitlik. Die omstrede Pampoenkraal Plaas hofsaak is gister (Maandag, 26 April) weer hervat in Mkhondo, onder streng waak van die SAPS. Vier boere, Daniel Cornelis Malan (38), Cornelius Lourens Greyling (25), Othard Johann Klingenberg (53), Ignatius Michael Steynberg (31) en Zenzele Yende (48), die plaas sekuriteitswag, het voor die hof verskyn. Die vier boere staan tereg op aanklagte van moord en ontvoering. Die vyf verdagtes in die saak het die banke hervat nadat die staatsaanklaer en advokate die verklarings spoedig deurgewerk het. As bewyse het die advokate, regter, staatsaanklaer en staatsgetuie besluit om beeldmateriaal te hersien van geslote kringtelevisiekameras op die plaas. Nadat die video hersien is, stel advokaat Japie Cilliers verskeie vrae aan die hof. Die beeldmateriaal wys dat daar op 9 April, omstreeks 10:30, vier persone op die Pampoenkraal opgedaag. Dié was skynbaar gewapen met stokke van ongeveer 1 meter lank, en het dadelik die skuur binnegegaan, waar agt plaaswerkers besig was. Binne sekondes nadat die mans die skuur ingegaan het, het die werkers hul besittings geneem en die skuur verlaat. Die vier mans het in ‘n teenoorgestelde rigting as die werkers weggeloop. Die vier mans was vergesel deur ‘n vrou, wat ook ‘n stok in die hand gehad het. Mnr. Greyling het daarna opgedaag met tien werkers agter op sy bakkie. Een van die Coka broers was een van die werkers agter op die bakkie. Op die kringtelevisiekameras word opgemerk dat ‘n wit sedan minute later op die plaas opgedaag. Die ander Coka broer was die bestuurder, en het dadelik sy hemp uitgetrek toe hy uit die voertuig klim. Op hierdie stadium was die atmosfeer nog rustig op die plaas. Drie ander mans het op die plaas opgedaag in ‘n Toyota bakkie, en het uit die voertuig geklim. Een van die Coka broers het vanaf die hek aangehardloop gekom, en sy broer gekonfronteer. Die rusie het vir etlike minute geduur. Die een broer het die ander van die plaas af probeer wegstoot. Advokaat Celliers het aan die hof verklaar dat die boere nie gewapen was soos vroeër beweer nie, en hul het ook nie koeëlvaste baadjies aangehad nie. Die bewerings was dus onfeitlik. Die beeldmateriaal bewys dat die boere tot hede rustig en kalm verkeer het. Die vyf verdagtes doen tans aansoek vir borgtog. Bittereinders is gestig deur Devon Hofmeyr saam met sy ander lede, Justin Behr en Francois van der Merwe, wat dit goed gedink het om die SAPD, die boere, die gemeenskap asook die verdagtes te ondersteun in hul tyd van nood. Die Bittereinders se missie vir die dag was om hulp te verleen waar dit nodig was, en om die inwoners en die dorp te kom help met beveiliging. Die Bittereinders het diegene wat opgedaag en hul onderstening getoon het bedank as volg: “As jy nie opgedaag het nie, kry liewer ‘n ander chat groepie vir die passiewes en deel jou screenshots daarop. ‘N Ware Bittereinder se ja bly sy ja, en nee sy nee. Dankie aan al julle wat opgedaag het. Julle het my respek, en ek sal altyd daar wees vir julle! Dankie aan oom Harry vir die oproep om verskoning te maak, en dankie aan Sue van die Tribune. Bittereinders SAL die verskil in Suid Afrika wees. Besluit jy of jy ‘n aktiewe bydrae wil maak, en of jy ‘n “keyboard warrior” wil wees. Ek groet julle wat nou die groep gaan verlaat.” Die saak is uitgestel na 28 April 2021, en geen borgtog is toegestaan nie. < Previous Article Next Article >

Lucky escape for family after shack fire Lucky escape for family after shack fire 1/3 Share GK CRONJE 18 May 2021 Residents are warned to be vigilant during the winter season, where dry grass and shrubbery can easily catch fire and cause exponential damage to property, as well as loss of human and animal life. Sunday, 16 May 2021, proved to be a day of fortune for a family living at the Mabuza Farm informal settlement, after their shack was decimated by a fire. In a stroke of luck, no injuries or fatalities were reported. According to the Msukaligwa Local Municipality spokesman, Mandla Zwane, the cause of the blaze was determined to be a nearby veld fire, which in turn caused significant damage to the family’s home. Msukaligwa Fire & Rescue were on scene to extinguish the blaze. Residents are warned to be vigilant during the winter season, where dry grass and shrubbery can easily catch fire and cause exponential damage to property, as well as loss of human and animal life. < Previous Article Next Article >

TLU SA Jongboere moedig landbou aan om die bedryf te versterk 1/1 Share GK CRONJE 18 May 2021 Die konferensie is afgesluit deur die president van TLU SA, mnr. Henry Geldenhuys. Hy het jong boere aangemoedig om as ‘n kliphoeksteen sterk te staan in die gemeenskap. TLU SA het boere regoor die land tydens die onlangse Jongboerkonferensie sterk aangemoedig om by georganiseerde landboustrukture aan te sluit om die uitdagings wat die bedryf ervaar, saam aan te pak. Die Jongboerkonferensie word jaarliks aangebied, maar moes verlede jaar as gevolg van die inperking afgestel word. Vanjaar is die konferensie fisies by die hoofkantoor in Silverton, Pretoria aangebied en regoor die land gestroom via die Zoom-platform. Groot groepe jong boere het bymekaar gekom en die verrigtinge regstreeks oor hulle skerms gevolg. Die TLU SA Jongboerkonferensie 2021 is in samewerking met die borge Santam Landbou, Nedbank, NWK, die Solidariteit Beweging, Agri All Africa, Obaro en die LWO Werkgewersorganisasie aangebied. Die tema van vanjaar se konferensie, Die waarde van ‘n boer is deur al die sprekers beklemtoon. TLU SA se hoofbestuurder, mnr. Bennie van Zyl het die waarde van boere onderstreep deur te verwys na hoe landbou dwarsdeur die COVID-19 inperking voedsel aan die land verskaf het, onder baie moeilike omstandighede. Hy het gesê dat landbou die enigste bedryf was wat tydens hierdie tye gegroei het, maar dat dit ook die bedryf is wat verskeie uitdagings ervaar wat die voortbestaan van landbou en boere bedreig. Hy het boere bedank vir hulle bydrae tot die land maar ook gemaan dat hulle die Godgegewe grond verantwoordelik en winsgewend moet bestuur. “Ons mag ons koppe hoog hou en ons moet ons koppe hoog hou. Maar gemeenskappe moet hande vat en bou en konstruktief wees in die omgewing. Ons moet saam staan,” het hy gesê. Tydens die konferensie is ook ooreengekom dat die bestaande Jongboerkomitee met hulle taak sal voortgaan sonder om van bestuur te verander. Die voorstel is sonder teenkanting aanvaar. Die voorsitter van die TLU SA Jongboerkomitee, mnr. Henna du Plessis het jong boere op sy beurt ook aangemoedig om by georganiseerde landbou aan te sluit. Hy het die waarde van ‘n organisasie soos TLU SA beklemtoon deur na sy eie ervaring te verwys. TLU SA het hom ondersteun om finansiering te kry nadat hy op sy eie nie daarin kon slaag nie as gevolg van die Landbank se wanbestuur. Deur die TLU SA-netwerk het hy ook die ondersteuning van die LWO Werkgewersvereniging met arbeidskwessies waarmee hy nou te doen het. “Dit is nodig om 'n ondersteuningsnetwerk te hê as boere. Sluit aan by TLU SA,” het hy gesê. Die hoogtepunt van die konferensie was ‘n aanbieding van TLU SA se Jongboer van die Jaar 2020, mnr. Danie Bester oor die gebruik van presisie tegnologie in landbou. Hierdie tipe boerdery is daarop gemik om winsgewendheid te verhoog deur tegnologie in te span om sodoende hulpbronne optimaal te benut. Die volledige aanbieding sal binnekort op TLU SA se webwerf beskikbaar gemaak word sodat ander jong boere van die inligting gebruik kan maak. Die konferensie is afgesluit deur die president van TLU SA, mnr. Henry Geldenhuys. Hy het jong boere aangemoedig om as ‘n kliphoeksteen sterk te staan in die gemeenskap. “Jongboere, landbou het jou nodig,” het hy gesê. “Jy is die toekoms van landbou, maar jy het ook ‘n landbou organisasie nodig en dit is TLU SA. Raak betrokke, dit is jou spreekbuis. Jong boer, jy het waarde in die voedselwaardeketting.” < Previous Article Next Article >

NASASA warns against illegal pyramid or Ponzi schemes 1/1 Share GK CRONJE 9 March 2021 There are roughly 810 000 active stokvel groups, consisting of over 11 million South Africans, collecting an estimated R50 billion annually. According to the National Stokvel Association of South Africa (NASASA), there are roughly 810 000 active stokvel groups, consisting of over 11 million South Africans, collecting an estimated R50 billion annually. Nearly 40% of South Africa’s adult population are members of a stokvel. Recently there has been an increase in illegal pyramid schemes or Ponzi schemes, which continue to pop up around South Africa. These schemes defraud many unsuspecting South Africans of their hard-earned money, with the promise of fast financial returns every year. It is critical that South Africans are able to tell the difference between a stokvel and an illegal pyramid and/or Ponzi scheme. A stokvel is defined as a savings or investment society in which a group of people agree to save money together for a defined purpose, by way of contributing a fixed amount of money over a specific period of time. Originally stokvels were known as “stock fairs” dating back to the 19th century by English settlers in the Eastern cape as a rotating cattle auction. This was an in person gathering, and attendance was key for participation. The foundation of such a culture was trust. This financial vehicle has since evolved into a unique financial system created within communities by members and for members, built on need, trust and a common goal for financial liberation. The stokvel market has grown remarkably and, over time, the types of stokvels have increased significantly from rotational, grocery, investment, burial right down to social stokvels. Stokvels have become a key financial vehicle that many people rely on, amassing revenue in the billions. The increasing numbers, financial potential and popularity of stokvels has resulted in scammers trying to swindle stokvel groups out of their hard-earned savings and investments by posing as a lucrative investment scheme or some other form of financial breakthrough opportunity. Scammers often pose as legitimate stokvels, investment schemes or property stokvels but in reality, are nothing more than get rich quick schemes in the form of a Ponzi or pyramid scheme. “At NASASA, we want to educate on, protect and preserve this financial system which is a legitimate means for many to achieve financial stability and wellbeing,” says Miziyonke Mtshali, Chief Executive Officer at NASASA. It is important to NASASA to ensure that members of stokvels are protected from scammers, this can only be done through education and awareness, by ensuring that members are always able to distinguish between a legitimate stokvel and an illegal Ponzi or pyramid scheme. The most known and popular mechanisms which scammers use are pyramid schemes and Ponzi schemes. Being able to identify these scams is key to safeguarding yourself from them. A pyramid scheme requires its members to recruit other people as members and the few top-level members recruit newer members, who pay upfront costs, to those who enrolled them. In fact, money simply exchanges hands with no real economic activity or products attached and is just a smoke screen to hide the pyramid scheme. Significant returns are derived from the recruitment of people, with the majority of financial return being made by the top tier people through administration fees charged to new recruits. With a Ponzi scheme, members are promised huge returns within a short period of time and are based on fraudulent investment management services, which are disguised as legitimate business investments. Members contribute money to the “portfolio manager” who promises them a high return. When those members want their money back, they are paid out with the incoming funds contributed by participants who join at a later stage. By merely transferring funds from one client to another, there is no real investment product at all. In terms of a legitimate and sustainable savings vehicle, a stokvel works because many people find it easier to save when they do it in a group. A stokvel member knows where his/her money is kept and when and how much will be paid out. Furthermore, most stokvel members know each other and have a genuine and enduring relationship, based on trust. Anyone who has any queries, or wants to know more, please email info@mswsa.co.za . For more information about stokvels, go to www.nasasa.co.za . < Previous Article Next Article >

4-Year long raw sewage overflow 1/3 Share GK CRONJE 28 July 2020 Aside from the immense health risks this sewage overflow poses, the issue is further aggravated by the fact that the surrounding businesses suffer loss in clientele due to the constant, unbearable stench that lingers in the air, as one of the overflows is but mere meters from their shopfronts. At the time of going to print, both GSDM and MLM once again ignored the enquiry submitted In May 2018, the Tribune reported on a persistent sewerage network issue in a field adjacent to Oosthuizen Street, where raw sewage flows freely. At the time of reporting, the issue had already been ongoing for nearly a year. It is evident that this sewerage line is subject to a major unresolved blockage. In the elapsed timeline, surrounding businesses stated that Msukaligwa Local Municipality (MLM) had reportedly unblocked the line thrice, unfortunately haphazardly so, with continued spilling experienced within mere days after apparent unblocking. At the time, the issue was reported to MLM, Gert Sibande District Municipality (GSDM) and the Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (COGTA), which yielded no results. Fast forward to July 2020, and the overflow is still ongoing. Birds, other wildlife and stray cattle feasts on the daily smorgasbord of excrement gushing from the sewerage lines, and residents who takes shortcuts to their homes across this field has to trudge through the soggy soil. To be frank, this ongoing overflow holds immense health risks to animals, and especially residents, facing the throes of the COVID-19 pandemic. While authorities preach about hygiene, cleanliness and sanitizing, this overflow is a slap in the face of the community. Sewage contains a wide variety of dissolved and suspended impurities, and domestic sewage is also very likely to contain disease-causing microbes. The surrounding water sources that this massive pool and overflow of sewage in turn pollutes has a far-reaching impact. Sewage-contaminated water causes eutrophication, which is the increase in concentration of chemical elements required for life. The nitrates, phosphates, and organic matter found in human waste serves as a food for algae and bacteria. This causes these organisms to overpopulate to the point where they use up most of the dissolved oxygen that is naturally found in water, making it difficult for other organisms in this aquatic environment to live. Phosphates are also found in soaps and detergents, but there are other household products that we use everyday that can be toxic to many animals and humans if they are dumped directly into a water body. Residents who have to traverse this much, and stray cattle who return home to their owners, contaminated, poses a major risk of causing illness such as e-coli, diarrhea and hepatitis A, due to bacteria and viruses present in sewage effluent. Gastrointestinal disorders have been linked to sewage pollution, with viruses implicated as the cause. When toxic substances enter a body of water, they will be dissolved, become suspended in water or get deposited on the bed of the water body. The resulting water pollution causes the quality of the water to deteriorate, and affects aquatic ecosystems. Pollutants can also seep down and affect groundwater deposits, potentially ending up in the taps of residents. Aside from the immense health risks this sewage overflow poses, the issue is further aggravated by the fact that the surrounding businesses suffer loss in clientele due to the constant, unbearable stench that lingers in the air, as one of the overflows is but mere meters from their shopfronts. At the time of going to print, both GSDM and MLM once again ignored the enquiry submitted by the Tribune. Attempts to contact the Department of Environmental Affairs has proved fruitless, and the spokesman for the Mpumalanga division ignored submitted enquiries. To see a video footage of the overflow and the devastating effect it has had on the environment, a video is available on our Facebook page. You may also view more photos of the overflow on our Facebook page, Tribune Ermelo. < Previous Article Next Article >

Huawei Technologies - Invitation To Comment 1/2 Share PAID CONTENT 26 January 2021 Msukalikwa Municipality has received an application in terms of Msukaligwa Spatial Planning and Land Use management by-law 2016. A copy of the application is available for inspection during office hours (09h00 and 17h00) at the City Planning Department situated at Corner Kerk & Taute Street, Ermelo, 2351. Comments on the application may be submitted to the City Planning Department in writing to: P.O Box 48, Ermelo, 2350 or hand deliver at Corner Kerk & Taute Street, Ermelo, 2351, by the 10th of February 2021. The Msukaligwa Municipality may refuse to accept comments submitted after the closing date. Any person who failed to lodge comments by the closing date will not have the right to appeal against the decision of the Municipality. < Previous Article Next Article >

Continuous illegal dumping creates eyesore 1/3 Share GK CRONJE 29 September 2020 The warning from MLM has been laughed off, and the refuse dumping has increased exponentially. In a sad state of affairs, it is also clear that rehabilitation or removal of the current, or previous refuse and rubble has been implemented. It has come to the attention of the Tribune that the Chris de Villiers Street roadside, as well as the adjacent fields on both sides, are strewn with literal mounds of refuse, discarded building materials and a considerable amount of fast food containers, indicating that surrounding residents and contractors conduct regular illegal dumping activities in this area. The issue has been reported to the call centre on numerous occasions, with no response from Msukaligwa Local Municipality (MLM). Upon enquiry in 2019, MLM issued the following response: “Illegal dumping in Msukaligwa is the problem, where community members deliberately degrade our environment through illegal dumping activities, especially rubble or building and demolition waste. Instead of using the landfill sites, community members opt for our public open spaces. To remedy the problem, the community awareness program is being rolled out to all community members. The law enforcement team from Gert Sibande is in partnership with Msukaligwa Local Municipality to deal with law breakers.” Alas, as we near the end of 2020, little effort has been put in to deal with residents and construction companies who illegally dump refuse and building material in Chris de Villiers Street. The warning from MLM has been laughed off, and the refuse dumping has increased exponentially. In a sad state of affairs, it is also clear that rehabilitation or removal of the current, or previous refuse and rubble has been implemented. Illegal dumping of refuse and other materials is a growing issue within Ermelo, as well as the surrounding areas, with residents paying no heed to the municipal by-laws, which remain unenforced. < Previous Article Next Article >